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Charge controllers perform the following functions:
Charging of batteries at safe, constant levels
Prevent batteries from over-charging
Monitoring and display of battery levels
Multi-stage charging (bulk, absorption and float)
Prevention of reverse power drain
Automatically equalize and desulfate batteries
Temperature compensatation to adjust charging set points
Maximize battery life
Some units perform Maximum-point power tracking, allowing extra current to be harnessed from solar modules.
Some units act as diversion controllers allowing excess power output from the source to be used when batteries are already fully charged.
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